Migrations from KEARNEY Michael, CASTLES Stephen, VERTOVEC Steven , PORTES Alejandro
1., Kearney Michael (86).
FROM THE INVISIBLE HAND TO VISIBLE FEET. Anthropological studies of Migration and development.
The investigation of migration is associated with issues of Development and underdevelopment. A number of development issues emerge in the inmigration literature: urbanization, industrialización, agriculture, family structure, gender roles, and ideology.
This review concéntrate on ethnographic studies.
Theoretical perspectives. Migration research is presently a "hot topic and we have 3 successive theoretical orientations that we can refer to as; Modernization, dependency, and articulation.
a)Modernization.
The theory was gross of a synthesis of anthropological and sociological models of change and Neoclassical económica. That was elaborated in England and USA; The post peasant un Europe and América. (1918).
Redfield's works were the point of departure and World War II, a period seemed on to the folk- Urbano. Modernization is in dualism camp_urban and rural_city.
More autores are Óscar Lewis and Kemper.
b) Dependency. In Latinoamerica has elaborated a Neo_ Marxist critique of Modernization, theory, especially in Chicago variants..2 main posts depend orientations have to extender replaced:
1)World system theory and 2) Marxist political economy.
To sun UPS, whereas some anthropologists adopted Dependency of looking at perfect of migration on sending money to communities. Others adopted a world systems theory that analisy Rural Labor
c)Articulation. "
In 1978, Portes Alejandro notes that capitalistic penetration, domination and transformation of Pheropheral societies could be 3 points for distinguish of dependency theory:
1) production, 2)economic y 3)Appropriation of surplus.
The aplicación of theory.
Having identified 3 major theoretical perspectives in migration. here the units and dimensions of analysis and the focus on the fieldwork rather than theoretical perspective serve as the primary principles of organization.
Units of analysis: individual, household, networks, communities, regions, nations
As Dimensions: agriculture, industry, employment, gender, ethnicity, and ideology.
1) Migration and Community development. Awareness of the limitation of modernization assumptions arose from the field study of Migrants. Then their return comes from the pattern of guestworker migration into western and northern Europe in which the migrant workers reside in the host country for a number of years and then return home.....
As demonstrated by studies cited in the article, migrants most often do not invest in production in their own sending communities even though a number of studies have shown that remittances may be appreciable a perpetuate status quo underdevelopment.
In fact, one of the best demonstrations of the binational agricultural cooperatives was founded in rural workers and by farmworkers who migrated to Arizona, USA.
2)Households and gender.
One of the enduring problems in migration research is the identification of appropriated units of analysis. Above Kearney was talking with individuals. In recent years interest has increased in the household. This topic has some different approaches, ones of then based on the combination of salaried and no salaried work. or even combined capitalist and no capitalist production. Apart from that, we need to talk about a woman, as well. In recent years migrant and immigrant women in low-level markets have also become a focus of study. In fact migration in the late XX century is quite different from the XIX in that a greater percentage of it flows not into labor markets!!??
3)Culture and ideology.
Although the approaches of migration, pay insufficient attention to cultural aspects, ideology is a strong theme in the modernization theory. Special attention is Grillo´s links. First, there is that of immigrants themselves and in describing their work and life in a provincial city. The second level is that of the major urban industrial city in which the immigrants are located.
Apart from Grillo, review talk as well, the various authors like; Bustamente, Mexican migrants or Rubbo and Taussig, s paper on female domestique
4) Migrant Networks. To confront this problem of different economies, social or cultural status, nowadays Kearney has developed The articulatory migrant network.: One task is to plot the movements of migrants into various kinds of spaces, including geographic space but also labor markets and other economic and social niches. Another has to do with the flow of surplus and goods within the migrant community.
Summary: The articulation approach to migrant represent an advance over the competing paradigms. in practice is a bipolar conceptualization around 2 societies paying together.
Basically, there are 4 spheres, a,b,c,d) of activity that is articulated by the San Jeronimo network:
a)the subsistence of agrarian community, b)agricultural and urban labor markets, c) petty commodity production and sousteneible, and d) political activities in urban areas.
A synthesis of theory and method:
Finally to say that this is a phenomenal history and my own opinion is that Progress is a strategy that combines a Quantitative manner of ethnography with some Qualitative Modules for doing.
2)CASTLES Stephen.
MIGRATION AND COMMUNITY. FORMATION UNDER CONDITIONS OF GLOBALISATION.
This article set out to rethink the dynamics of the migratory process under globalization.
Two main models dominated academic and policy approaches:
1) ASSIMILATED into the host society
2) Temporary Migration Model
Globalization, defined as a proliferation of cross-border flows and transnational flows of people, ideas, and cultural symbols. Everything, due to The erosion of the National-State and migrant assimilation of Asia and European countries.
It is important to re-think the migratory process to understand new forms of mobility of transnational communities and multiple Identities.
Causes of Migrations:
-demographic explanations (1,2 children x woman)
-Neoclassical economics.
-Historical-approaches
-Sociological explanation of culture and social capital
-types of migration: PERMANENT/ TEMPORARY.
PERSPECTIVES FOR MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES.
Modes of incorporation: Castles difference 3 main approaches of incorporation:
1) Assimilation
2) differential EXCLUSION
3)Multicultural
Instead of a concussion: Back to baby-farming.
At the beginning of the XXI century, we imagine a new "transnational baby farming" as the core of the global immigration scenario: Less-developed countries Excludes from the positive aspects of economic Globalization.
The scenario would look like this:
-Rich countries will use migrants as the labor force for jobs and for aged care. Although most of them have not to contract labor systems that deny the basic rights while many others will be illegal migrants or asylum.
-the Educational system!...
LIKE A DISTROPY; We want to speak about DECOLONIZATION Inmigration of the second generation as the case of North Africans in France.
In fact, immigration resulted from decolonization from Argelia, Morocco, and Tunisia.
3) VERTOVEC_Steven
MIGRANT TRANSNATIONALISM AND MODES OF TRANSFORMATION.
Most of the literature on Migrant transnationalism focuses on the ways that institutions have been modified sociocultural courses across the globe. Yet migrant transnational practices are involved in structural transformation. Such modes of transformation concern:
1)an enhanced "bifocaly" of outlook underpinnings migrant lives lived here and there; such dual orientations have influence in families and identity.
2)heightened challenges to " Identities-borders-orders" steaming from migrants' political affiliation.
3)potentially profound impacts on economic development by way of the sheer scale and;
-evolving means of remittance sending;
-money transfer.-services, hometown associative, and microfinance institutions are 3 forms of Adaptation.
From transnationalism to transformation:
Domains of transformation by migrant transnationalism include basic structures of Individual orientation, Political frameworks, and Economic Development.
Apart from that, say that sociocultural transformation is bifocality. Migrants adapt themselves while maintaining strong lies of sentiment with their places of Origen.
Identities-Borders and Orders are legitimated and reproduced through a system of public rituals or narratives (I-B-O).
Economic transformation:
-Re-institutionalizing development. Economically by far, the most transformative process of migrants have remittances (a big business), the money migrants send to the families.
-HTAs (migrant hometown), and MFIs (InterAmerican bank) The HTA, Migrant home town association embrace charitable work such as: donating clothes or goods for religious festivals.
In Conclusion:
The connection between migrant transnational practices and modes of transformation suggested a progression: Each set of changes entails small-scale and every practice of individuals and groups.
Many forms of migrant transnational like the government of migrants, technological change or hometown association.
As evident in globalization, some transformations are due to a convergence of contemporary Social, political, economic, and technological processes.
4) PORTES, Alejandro.
Globalization from Below: The rise of transnational communities.
The aphorism "Capital is global, labor is local" is atriumph of proletarian and liberalism. As a contribution to this analysis we have a theoretical form to the concept of Trnasnational communities as a more visible form of globalization.
-the onset of transnational Networks. The actual globalization of capital production has been one attempt to National States to impose labor standards on 3 world exports. Enonomy undermine any Solidarity amonds nation!
-the rise of transnational Enterprise. Many immigrant workers too soon become aware that they pay and labor conditions in store do no go far in promoting their own economy goals.
-the construction of transnational communities. There exist today enterprises that are founded by immigrants in USA, latinamerica and Asia. Alerted by immigrant entrepreneurs, Political parties and gobernaments establish CANVASS immigrant for financial and electoral support...as churches and charities festivals.
-the structure and consequences of transnationalism are fundamental 2:
1)a well-paid jobs in industry
2)costly and time-consumering long-distance
If, in the long run, transnational enterprise can became an equalizing force, in the south term, it can have the opposite effect,...because political activists mobilised support for migrant while trying to prevent other from them
CONVERGENCIAS TEÓRICAS Y EMPÍRICAS DEL TRANSNACIONALISMO DE LOS INMIGRANTES.
5 Conclusiones sobre el transnationalism: sobre la base de queue el trannacionalismo NO es Un Modo de adaptación predominante de inmigrantes actuales.
1) El transNacionalismo represents una format novedosa, 'pero No es un fenómeno nuevo.
2) El transnacionalismo es un fenómeno de bases
3) No todos los migrantes son transnacionales
4) el transN inmigrante tiene consecuencias Macro-sociales: Doble Nacionalidad
5) el grado y formats del activism transN varían según context de salida-recepción. AACC:hostilidad/dignidad
Fenómeno de bases:
AREA/ACTIVIDAD
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comentarios
Publicar un comentario